Correlation between chronic non-communicable disease and falls incidence among the elderly in urban and rural areas in Chongqing / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the correlation between the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and fall incidence among the elderly in urban and rural areas in Chongqing, and to provide evidence for targeted intervention. Methods In 2019, a questionnaire survey was conducted among the elderly aged 65 and over in four districts and counties using multistage stratified cluster random sampling. The difference of NCDs prevalence and fall incidence was compared by Chi-square test. The correlation between NCDs and fall incidence was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 806 and 801 elderly people aged 65 and above in urban and rural areas，respectively, were investigated The fall incidence among the elderly in rural areas (12.98%) was higher than that in urban areas (7.94%) (χ2=10.916, P=0.001). The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the prevalence of heart disease (OR=2.988, 95%CI:1.544-5.785), osteoporosis (OR=2.696, 95%CI:1.527-4.760) and vestibular dysfunction or deafness (OR=3.180, 95%CI:1.142-8.861) was associated with fall incidence among urban elderly people. Factors including need for care (OR=2.315，95%CI：1.130-4.744), diabetes (OR=3.067，95%CI:1.634-5.756), osteoporosis (OR=1.972, 95%CI:1.210-3.214), and arthritis (OR=2.975, 95%CI:1.901-4.657) were associated with fall incidence among rural elderly people. Conclusion The fall incidence among the elderly in rural areas is higher than that in urban areas in Chongqing. The prevalence of NCD is high among the elderly. Timely treatment of NCDs should be provided to reduce fall incidence among the elderly.

Current situation of animal injury among school children in Chongqing / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the current situation of animal injury among children in Chongqing, and to provide a scientific basis for relevant departments to formulate and implement strategies and measures to prevent and control animal injury to children. Methods According to the method of multi-stage stratified cluster sampling, 14,056 children in grades 4-12 in four districts of Chongqing were selected as the investigation subjects, and the occurrence of animal injuries in the past 6 months was investigated. Results The incidence of animal injury among school children in Chongqing was 0.35% and the incidence of person-time was 0.36%. The incidence rate in males (0.48%) was higher than that in females (0.31%). The incidence rate in urban children (0.43%) was higher than that in rural children (0.30%). The incidence of animal injury was the lowest in nuclear families (0.25%), and the highest in single-parent families (0.82%). There were statistically significant differences in the incidence of animal injuries in children among different fathers' occupational types, family types and parents' parenting styles (P<0.05).  The main place of child animal injury was home (57.14%). Recreational activities were the main cause of animal injury (51.02%). The main injuries were lower limbs (42.86%), upper limbs (24.49%) and head (10.20%). Conclusion The prevention and control of children's animal injury in Chongqing should focus on boys and families. It is suggested to take targeted and comprehensive interventions to prevent animal injuries in children.

Prevalence of osteoporosis and its influence factors in monitored population in Chongqing / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To understand the prevalence of osteoporosis and its influence factors in residents of Chongqing, and to provide the reference for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Methods The data were from “An epidemiological survey of osteoporosis in Chongqing in 2018”, and the multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 1885 subjects (≥20 years old) from 32 villages/neighborhood committee in 4 areas (countries) of Chongqing. The investigation was performed by questionnaire (sociodemographic factors, lifestyle factors, history of orthopedics) and the bone mineral density was measured by QDR 4 500A dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The chi-square test and multi factor multi-variant logistic regression analysis were utilized to analyze the data, the used software was SPSS 25.0. Results The morbidities of osteoporosis and osteopenia in residents (>20 years old) of Chongqing in China were 12.99% and 48.70%, respectively. The osteoporosis morbidity (19.08%) in females was significantly higher than that (4.42%) in males, and increased with age. The multi-variant logistic regression indicated that women (OR=6.10, 95% CI:4.08-9.14), the past medical history of fracture (OR=1.79, 95%CI:1.18-2.73) and age (OR=16.80, 95% CI:9.19-30.77) were risk factors for osteoporosis; milk intake (OR=0.65, 95%CI:0.47-0.89), overweight (OR=0.51, 95%CI:0.36-0.93)and obesity (OR=0.30, 95%CI:0.19-0.47), as compared with ≤primary school group, junior high school group (OR=0.57, 95%CI:0.39-0.82);≥high school group (0.40, 95%CI:0.26-0.61) were considered to be protective factors for osteoporosis. Conclusion The prevalence of osteoporosis among residents with age above 50 years old of Chongqing was very high. Health education and behavior intervention should be focused on the elderly or female residents to promote the formulation of healthy lifestyle.

Analysis of epidemiological characteristic of incidence and mortality of stroke in Chongqing / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristic of stroke incidence and mortality in Chongqing, and to provide suggestions for targeted prevention and control of stroke. Methods Data of reported cases of ischemic stroke (I63), hemorrhagic stroke (I61-I62), subarachnoid hemorrhage (I60), and unclassified stroke (I64) in Chongqing in 2018 was collected. SPSS 25.0 was used to calculate the incidence, age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), mortality, age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and proportion of stroke. The incidence and mortality of stroke were compared by Chi-square test between males and females, and between central urban areas and suburban counties. Results In 2018, the incidence and ASIR of stroke were 294.61/105 and 222.43/105 in Chongqing, respectively. The mortality and ASMR of stroke were 116.34/105 and 85.81/105. The incidence, ASIR and proportion of ischemic stroke were 186.63/105, 139.17/105 and 63.35%, respectively. The incidence of ischemic stroke in male was higher than that in female (χ2=18.52, P2=29.50, P2=6.67, P=0.010). The mortality of ischemic stroke in suburban counties was higher than that in central urban areas (χ2=17.55, P2=27.64, P2=18.60, P2=23.46, P2= 43.57, P<0.001). Conclusion The incidence and mortality of stroke in Chongqing were lower than the national average levels. The incidence of ischemic stroke was higher than that of hemorrhage stroke. The mortality of hemorrhage stroke was higher than that of ischemic stroke. Men and suburban counties were the focus of stroke prevention and control in Chongqing.

Analysis on the rate of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among residents aged between 35-75 years old in Chongqing / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the awareness rate and treatment and control rate of hypertension as well as the related influencing factors among residents aged 35-75 years in Chongqing, and to provide a reference for comprehensive prevention and control of hypertension. Methods Residents between the ages of 35 and 75 years old were recruited from 8 sites of China Patient-centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events in Chongqing. All participants were interviewed with structured questionnaires, and physical examination, glucose test and lipid test were performed. The data were analyzed by SPSS 25.0. The differences in the rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension of different populations were compared by chi-square test. The related factors influencing the rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were identified by step backward bivariate multivariate logistic regression model. Results A total of 101 036 cases were recruited into this study. The prevalence rates of dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes were 31.48%, 40.80% and 17.16%, respectively. The age standardized prevalence rates of dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes were 30.81%, 33.91% and 14.35%, respectively. The rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were 45.65%, 36.03% and 11.60%, respectively. The result of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that factors including age, household registration, occupation, alcohol use, smoking status, body weight, central obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were related to the awareness rate of hypertension. Factors including age, household registration, race, household income, alcohol use, body weight, central obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia were related to the treatment rate of hypertension. Factors including age, household registration, household income, alcohol use, central obesity and diabetes were related to the rate of blood pressure control. Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension was high in Chongqing, but the rate of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension was low. It is suggested that comprehensive measures should be implemented to raise the rate of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension for the prevention and control of hypertension.

Mental health and related influencing factors among rural elderly in 14 poverty state counties of Chongqing, Southwest China: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND@#China has the largest elderly population in the world; little attention has been paid to the mental health of elderly in areas of extreme poverty. This is the first study to investigate the mental health of the rural elderly in poverty state counties in Chongqing and was part of the Chongqing 2018 health literacy promotion project.@*METHODS@#In 2019, a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the mental health status of the rural elderly in fourteen poverty state counties of Chongqing, in which a total of 1400 elderly aged ≥ 65 years were interviewed, where mental health status was measured by the ten-item Kessler10 (K10) scale. Ordered multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate the influencing factors related to mental health of the elderly in these areas.@*RESULTS@#The average score of K10 in 14 poverty state counties was 17.40 ± 6.31, 47.6% was labeled as good, 30.2% was moderate, 17.0% was poor, and lastly 5.1% was bad, and the mental health status of the elderly in the northeastern wing of Chongqing was better than the one in the southeastern wing of Chongqing. A worse self-rated health was the risk factor for mental health both in the northeastern and southeastern wings of Chongqing (all P < 0.001). Lower education level (OR (95% CI) = 1.45 (1.12-1.87), P = 0.004) was a risk factor in the northeastern wing, whereas older age (OR (95% CI) = 1.33 (1.13-1.56), P = 0.001) was a risk factors in the southeastern wing.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results showed that mental health of the elderly in poverty state counties was poor, especially in the southeastern wing of Chongqing. Particular attention needs to be paid to the males who were less educated, older, and single; female with lower annual per capital income; and especially the elderly with poor self-rated health.

Analysis on the prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors among residents aged 35-75 years old in Chongqing / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors among residents with age between 35 and 75 years old in Chongqing and provide evidence for the prevention and control of hypertension. Methods During 2016-2018, 101036 eligible subjects aged 35-75 years from 8 sites of China Patient-centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events in Chongqing were interviewed and examined. The data were analyzed by SPSS 20.0. The difference of the prevalence of hypertension of different population were compared chi-square test. Risk factors of hypertension was identified by step backward multivariate Logistic regression model. Results The crude prevalence and age standardization prevalence of hypertension was 40.80% and 33.91% respectively. The results of multivariate logistic regression indicated that the risk factors of hypertension were residence, ethnicity, age, medical insurance ,drinking, present smoking , indoor passive smoking , overweight , obesity , central obesity , diabetes and dyslipidemia ,while the protective factors of hypertension of those were education level and income. Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension was high among residents with age between 35 and 75 years old in Chongqing ; Residence, ethnicity, age, medical insurance, education level, income, drinking, present smoking , indoor passive smoking , overweight , obesity , central obesity , diabetes and dyslipidemia are the related factors of hypertension.

Association between self-reported snoring and hypertension among Chinese Han population aged 30-79 in Chongqing, China

BACKGROUND@#We aim to explore the association between self-reported snoring and hypertension among adults aged 30-79 in Chongqing, China.@*METHODS@#A total of 23,342 individuals aged 30-79 were included at baseline from August 2018 to January 2019, and the final sample size for the analysis was 22,423. Face-to-face interviews and physical examinations were conducted by trained investigators. Logistic regression was performed to study age-specific and gender-specific associations between snoring and hypertension.@*RESULTS@#Frequent snoring was associated with the risk of hypertension for each age and gender group, and the frequency of snoring was positively correlated with the risk for hypertension. For the three age groups (< 45, 45-59, ≥ 60), compared with the non-snoring group, those who snore often had a 64.5%, 53.3%, and 24.5% increased risk of hypertension (< 45: OR = 1.65, 95%CI 1.34-2.02; 45-59: OR = 1.53, 95%CI 1.37-1.72; ≥ 60: OR = 1.25, 95%CI 1.09-1.42), respectively. For men and women, those who snore often had a 46.8% and 97.2% increased risk of hypertension, respectively, than the non-snoring group (men: OR = 1.47, 95%CI 1.33-1.63; women: OR = 1.97, 95%CI 1.75-2.23).@*CONCLUSIONS@#People who snore frequently should pay close attention to their blood pressure levels in order to achieve early prevention of hypertension, particularly for snorers who are female and aged under 45; importance should be attached to their blood pressure control.

Trend of disease burden of drowning in Chongqing residents, 2012-2018 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the trend of the mortality and disease burden of drowning in Chongqing and provide suggestions for drowning prevention and control. Methods The information data on drowning deaths in Chongqing (ICD-10 code: W65-W74) from 2012 to 2018 were collected. SPSS 25.0 software was used to calculate and analyze indicators such as mortality, age standardized mortality rate by Chinese population (ASMRC), years of life lost with premature death (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability adjusted life years (DALYs). The differences of drowning mortality between male and female, urban and rural areas were tested by Chi-square test. The trend of drowning mortality and disease burden was calculated as annual percent change (APC) using curve-estimation model of logistic regression. The difference of APC was tested by t-test (α=0.05). Results The mortality and ASMRC of drowning decreased from 4.90/100 000 and 4.87/100 000 in 2012 to 3.85/100 000 and 3.59/100 000 in 2018, respectively. The APCs were -3.34% and -4.49%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the change trend (t value: 2.34 and 2.42, P>0.05). The mortality of drowning in the male was higher than that in the female (P0.05). Conclusion The mortality and disease burden of drowning in Chongqing showed a decreasing trend, which was lower than the national average level. Children, male and elderly people are the vulnerable population to prevent drowning, and rural areas are the key areas to prevent drowning.

Analysis on probability of premature death and cause eliminated life expectancy of major non-communicable diseases in Chongqing Municipality, 2016 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the premature death probability and cause-eliminated life expectancy of cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes in Chongqing residents in 2016 so as to provide recommendation for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) prevention and control in Chongqing.@*Methods@#Death cases of Chongqing Municipality between January 1st and December 31st, 2016 were reported through death case registry system of national center for disease prevention and control. Death cases were sorted by international classification of disease (ICD-10). Mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, constituent ratio, premature death probability, life expectancy, and cause-eliminated life expectancy of four major NCDs were analyzed.@*Results@#A total of 218 004 death cases were reported in Chongqing, 2016, and the mortality rate was 731.73/100 000. Of them, a total of 179 637 death cases of the four major NCDs including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes were reported, accounting for 82.40% of all death cases. The mortality rate and standardized mortality rate of four major NCDs was 602.95/100 000 and 455.82/100 000, respectively. The premature death probability of four major NCDs was 15.96%, and males (25.39%) had a higher premature death probability than females (10.78%). The premature death probability of cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes were 6.01%, 8.32%, 2.05%, and 0.43%, respectively. Life expectancy would increase by 6.02, 3.19, 1.89, and 0.19 years, after eliminating cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes respectively.@*Conclusion@#The premature death probability of major NCDs was high in Chongqing, and males had a higher premature death probability than females did. Intervention and health management of the population should be conducted according to different gender-based risk factors to reduce the premature death probability.

Influence of daily ambient temperature on mortality and years of life lost in Chongqing / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the influence of extreme ambient temperature on mortality and years of life lost (YLL) in Chongqing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The daily mortality, meteorology and air pollution index data in Chongqing from the 1(st) January 2010 to the 31(st) December 2013 were collected. Distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to assess the influence of daily ambient temperature on daily number of deaths and daily YLL respectively. The delayed and cumulative effects of extreme temperature on sex, age, and cause-specific mortality were also assessed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The relationships between ambient temperature and non-accidental, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease mortalities and YLL were U-shaped or W-shaped. The effect of heat was obvious on that day, peaked on day 7, and lasted for two weeks, whereas the effect of cold was obvious a week later and lasted for a month. As 1 ℃ increase of ambient temperature, the cumulative relative risks (CRR) of high temperature across lag 0-7 days on non-accidental, respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease mortalities were 1.05 (95%CI: 1.03-1.07), 1.08 (95%CI: 1.05-1.11) and 1.05 (95%CI: 1.01-1.09) respectively. The effects of heat on YLL for each cause were 23.81 (95%CI: 12.31-35.31), 14.34 (95%CI: 8.98-19.70) and 4.43 (95%CI: 1.64-7.21), respectively. On cold days, 1 ℃ decrease of ambient temperature was correlated with an increase in CRR of 1.06 (95%CI: 1.04-1.08), 1.09 (95%CI:1.06-1.12) and 1.06 (95%CI: 1.02-1.11) from lag 0 to 14 for non-accidental, respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease mortalities, respectively. The estimated YLL were 23.34 (95%CI: 10.04-36.64), 16.39 (95%CI: 10.19-22.59) and 2.61 (95%CI: -0.61-5.82). People aged ≥65 years tend to have higher CRR and YLL than those aged <65 years. On high temperature days, the CRR in women was higher than that in men, while the YLL in women was lower than that in men. On low temperature days, both the CRR and YLL in women were higher than those in men.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Both high and low ambient temperature have adverse health effects. People aged ≥65 years are more sensitive to both high and low ambient temperature. Younger men are more sensitive to high ambient temperature and women and elder men are sensitive to low ambient temperature. It is necessary to take targeted measures to protect the population in Chongqing from the adverse influence of extreme ambient temperature.</p>

Retrospective analysis on 3 320 cases of chronic heart failure in a hospital of Chongqing / 中国基层医药

Objective To analyze the causes,cardiac function grading and drug application related to heart failure of the patients with chronic heart failure in Yongchuan district people's hospital.Methods The cases of chronic heart failure of department of cardiology in our hospital from January 1st,2012 to December 31st,2015 were counted and retrospectively analyzed.Results 3 320 cases of chronic heart failure in our hospital chosen from 8 126 medical records accounted for 40.86% of total discharged patients in the same period,including 2 262 cases of coronary disease (68.13%),353 cases of rheumatic heart disease (10.63%)and 265 cases of pulmonary heart disease (7.98%),who took up the top three in the spectrum of disease;2 683 cases of NYHA heart function Ⅲ magnitude accounted for 80.81%;The utilization rate of diuretic,digoxin,spironolactone,angiotensin -converting enzyme inhibi-tor,angiotonin receptor blocker,beta adrenergic receptor were 71.23%,27.23%,70.48%,30.75%,30.78%respectively.The statistical analysis showed that the differences were statistically significant between the patients using diuretics and the patients using spirolactone(χ2 =2.386,P <0.001),the patients with hypertension and the patients with no hypertension using ACEI /ARB(χ2 =2.727,P <0.001),and merged chronic bronchitis patients and the chro-nic bronchitis patients using beta -blocker(χ2 =61.807,P <0.001).Conclusion The patients with chronic heart failure takes up a higher portion among the inpatients in department of cardiology in the district level hospital.The heart function decreases significantly and the normative drug therapy needs to be improved.

Analysis on hypertension prevalence and its influencing factors among residents in Yongchuan district of Chongqing municipality / 重庆医学

Objective To understand the hypertension prevalence and its influencing factors in Yongchuan district of Chongqing to provide the suggestion for the prevention and control of hypertension .Methods The permanent residents aged above 18 years old were sampled from 3 towns and 1 street by adopting the stratified clustered random sampling method and performed the questionnaire survey ,physical examination and detection of fasting glucose and postprandial 2‐h glucose .The data were analyzed to calculate the hypertension prevalence by the SPSS16 .0 software .The influencing factors of hypertension were analyzed by chi‐square and the multivariate Logistic regression analysis .Results A total of 1 202 persons were investigated .The survey found that the cognition level on hypertension in the residents was below 30 .00% .21 .46% of residents smoked every day .31 .78% of them did exercise .The proportions of overweight and obesity were 24 .63% and 6 .07% respectively ,the hypertension prevalence rate was 23 .88% .The multivariate Logistic regression analysis results indicated that the independent influencing factors of hypertension prevalence included age (OR=1 .95 ,95% CI:1 .74-2 .17) ,cognition level on hypertension(OR=2 .11 ,95% CI:1 .18-3 .79) ,oil in‐take per person per day(OR=0 .80 ,95% CI:0 .64-0 .99) ,body weight(OR=1 .97 ,95% CI:1 .58-2 .46) and blood glucose(OR=0 .63 ,95% CI:0 .50 -0 .78) .Conclusion The hypertension prevalence among the residents in Yungchuan district is high .The knowledge about the prevention and treatment of hypertension is deficient .The high risk factors of smoking ,drinking ,irrational diet and insufficient body movement are common .The comprehensive prevention and treatment work of hypertension should be practi‐cally strengthened .

Study on prevalence of diabetes and the influencing factors among rural residents in Fengdu County / 重庆医学

Objective To understand the prevalence of diabetes and its influencing factors among rural residents in Fengdu coun-ty of Chongqing and to provide the suggestion for diabetes prevention and control.Methods Rural residents aged above 18 years old were sampled by stratified clustered random sampling.The data was entered by software Epi data3.02 and analyzed by SPSS 16.0.The rate was compared by Chi-square test.The influencing factors of diabetes was identified by multivariate logistic regres-sion.Results A total of 623 rural residents was investigated.The average age was (51.3±1.4)years old.The rate of smoking at present was 20.2% and the rate of smoking at present among male rural residents was 53.0%.The rate of passive smoking was 38.2%.The rate of drinking alcohol in the past 12 months was 22.8%.And its rate of male residents was 41.7%.The awareness rate of height,body weight,waist circumference,blood pressure and blood glucose was 9.5%,13.6%,1.9%,50.1% and 12.4%respectively.The crude and adjusted prevalence of obesity,hypertension and diabetes was 11.4% and 8.3%,52.5% and 28.4%, 12.0% and 9.3%.The result of multivariate logistic regression indicated that whether parents had diabetes(OR=0.20,95%CI :0. 04-0.94)and whether participants was diagnosed to be hypertension (OR=2.31,95%CI :1.19-4.49)was the independent fac-tor of diabetes.Conclusion The prevalence of diabetes among rural residents in Fengdu county of Chongqing was high.The risk factors such as smoking,alcohol use and unbalance diet was common.It should be strengthened to conduct the comprehensive ine-trevention for diabetes in rural area.

Analysis of health self-management for diabetes self-efficacy / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the effect of health self-management on self-efficiency of diabetes patients.
@*METHODS@#A total of 184 eligible and voluntary diabetes patients were recruited for 6 consecutive weeks of knowledge and skills intervention, and interviewed with questionnaire by diabetes self-efficacy scale (DSES) before and after the intervention. The changes in self-efficiency were compared with two paired sample McNemar test.
@*RESULTS@#After the intervention, the total scores of self-efficiency on diet, medication, blood sugar monitoring, foot care and complications management were all increased significantly compared with those before the intervention (P<0.05).
@*CONCLUSION@#The intervention model of health self-management for self-efficiency in diabetes patients is effective, and the quality of patients' life can be improved.

Analysis on prevalence rate of hypertension,diabetes and its associated factors among some rural residents in Chongqing / 重庆医学

Objective To understand the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes and its associated factors among rural resi-dents in Chongqing ,in order to provide the evidence for conducting non-communicable disease prevention and control in rural area . Methods Rural residents aged above 18 years old were sampled by multi-stage stratified random sampling .The resident sampled was interviewed with the structured questionnaire by face-to-face and examined body weight ,height ,blood pressure ,waist circum-ference .The blood sample was taken to test fasting glucose ,2 h glucose .The associated factors of hypertension and diabetes were i-dentified by Chi-square test and the independent factors of hypertension and diabetes were identified by Logistic regression .Results A total of 2 406 rural residents were interviewed .The amount of salt in taking and oil in taking per person per day self-reported was 6 .7 g and 44 .4 g .The proportion of smoking among rural residents was 21 .0% .The proportion of alcohol use in the past 12 months was 22 .4% .32 .6% of interviewees participated in the regular physical activity .The proportion of overweight and obesity a-mong rural residents was 25 .4% and 6 .2% .The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was 22 .0% and 9 .4% .The independent factor of hypertension was age(OR = 1 .83 ,95% CI :1 .68 - 1 .98) ,education level(OR = 0 .67 ,95% CI :0 .55 - 0 .82) ,body index(OR= 1 .68 ,95% CI :1 .44 - 1 .96) ,blood glucose(OR = 0 .60 ,95% CI :0 .51 - 0 .70) .The independent factor of diabetes was age(OR =1 .33 ,95% CI :1 .20 - 1 .48) ,gender(OR = 1 .48 ,95% CI :1 .11 - 1 .98) ,education level(OR = 0 .77 ,95% CI :0 .60 - 0 .98) ,body in-dex(OR = 1 .40 ,95% CI :1 .16 - 1 .70) and blood pressure(OR = 0 .77 ,95% CI :0 .64 - 0 .93) .Conclusion The prevalence of hyper-tension and diabetes was high .The risk factors such as unhealthy diet ,physical inactivity ,smoking ,harmful alcohol use ,overweight and obesity is common among rural residents .It should be attached an importance on non-communicable disease prevention and con-trol in rural area .

Analysis of diabetes prevalence and its influencing factors among residents in Yongchuan district of Chongqing / 重庆医学

Objective To understand diabetes prevalence and its factors is to provide the suggestion for diabetes prevention and control in Yongchuan district .Methods Residents aged above 18 years old from 3 towns and 1 street were sampled by stratified clustered random sampling method .Residents were investigated with the questionnaire and physical examination and taken blood sample to test fasting glucose ,2‐h glucose .The data were analyzed to calculate diabetes prevalence by SPSS17 .0 .The factors of dia‐betes was compared by chi‐square and the independent influencing factors of diabetes were identified by step backward logistic re‐gression .Results A total of 1 202 were investigated .The rate of cognition about diabetes was below 30% .21 .46% of residents smoke every day .31 .78% of them do exercise .The prevalence of overweight ,obesity and diabetes was 24 .63% ,6 .07% and 10 .48% .The result of multi‐variant logistic regression indicated that the independent influencing factors of diabetes prevalence in‐cluded age(OR=1 .41 ,95% CI=1 .24-1 .62) ,the rate of cognition about the dose of salt intake per person per day recommended by Chinese guideline of diet(OR= 2 .12 ,95% CI= 1 .13 -3 .96) ,smoking at present(OR= 1 .44 ,95% CI= 1 .10 -1 .89) ,body weight(OR=1 .06 ,95% CI= 1 .00 -1 .12) ,blood pressure(OR=0 .76 ,95% CI=0 .59 -0 .98) .Conclusion Diabetes prevalence was high in Yongchuan district .The risk factors such as unhealthy diet ,smoking ,physical inactivity were common .Government should take the major role for diabetes prevention and control .

Impact of health educators' intervention on non-communicable diseases-related knowledge, attitude and behavior among rural residents / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the impact of health educators' intervention on knowledge, attitude and behavior among rural residents and the feasibility of this intervention mode.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using stratified cluster random sampling method, three towns and five villages in Yongchuan district, Chongqing municipality were selected from February to November, 2013. One or two health educators from each village were recruited by recommendation or voluntary registration. A total of 30 health educators were recruited and trained. Health educators who passed the exam of the training conducted the intervention and training of knowledge and skill about non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention and control for over 30 rural residents who lived nearby aged over 18 years old, could take care of themselves and complete questionnaire independently. 900 residents were selected as the study samples before and after the intervention. Questionnaire surveys were conducted before and after the intervention to evaluate the effect. Changes of knowledge and behavior among participants were compared by Chi-square test. Changes of attitude towards NCD prevention and control among participants were compared by two independent t-test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Before and after the intervention, the cognition rate about diagnostic criteria of hypertension among rural adults was 29.8% (268/900) and 67.9% (611/900), respectively(χ(2)=261.58, P<0.001). The cognition rate about risk factors of hypertension was 22.9% (206/900) and 78.2% (704/900), respectively(χ(2)=551.19, P<0.001). The cognition rate about the prevention measure of hypertension was 37.2% (335/900) and 88.0% (792/900) , respectively(χ(2)=495.64, P<0.001). The cognition rate about complications of hypertension was 15.4% (139/900) and 68.9% (620/900), respectively(χ(2)=527.07, P<0.001). The cognition rate about diagnostic criteria of diabetes was 12.9% (116/900) and 50.3% (453/900), respectively(χ(2)=291.85, P<0.001). The cognition rate about the criteria of risk population of diabetes was 8.6% (77/900) and 62.0% (558/900), respectively(χ(2)=562.94, P<0.001). The cognition rate about the symptom of diabetes was 29.8% (268/900) and 83.3% (750/900), respectively(χ(2)=525.31, P<0.001). The cognition about the preventive measure of diabetes was 44.7% (402/900) and 89.3% (804/900), respectively(χ(2)=406.06, P<0.001). The cognition rate about 6 g salt intake per person per day among rural adults was 28.0% (252/900) and 84.3% (759/900), respectively(χ(2)=580.04, P<0.001). The cognition about 25 g oil intake per person per day among rural adults was 26.7% (240/900) and 71.4% (643/900), respectively(χ(2)=361.04, P<0.001). The cognition about self-perception of body weight among rural adults was 62.9% (566/900) and 91.9% (827/900), respectively (χ(2)=216.28, P<0.001). The cognition about self-circumference among rural adult was 54.8% (493/900) and 87.7% (789/900), respectively(χ(2)=237.49, P<0.001). The cognition rate of self-blood pressure was 60.5% (544/900) and 70.4% (634/900), respectively(χ(2)=14.92, P<0.001). Before and after the intervention, the scores of the necessity about conducting health education for the public among rural adults was (3.1±0.9 ) and (3.7±0.5 ), respectively(t=20.09, P<0.001). The score of the necessity about unhealthy lifestyle change among rural adults was (3.0±0.9 ) and (3.7±0.6), respectively(t=20.84, P<0.001). The score of the necessity about testing blood pressure and blood glucose regularly among rural adults was (3.0±0.9) and (3.7±0.6), respectively(t=21.07, P<0.001). The score of the necessity about body weight control was (2.9±1.0) and (3.6± 0.8), respectively(t=20.04, P<0.001). The score of the necessity about conducting hypertension screen among high risk population was (3.0±0.9) and (3.7±0.5), respectively(t=22.99, P<0.001). The score of the necessity about conducting diabetes screen among high risk population was (3.0 ± 0.9) and (3.7 ± 0.5), respectively(t=23.22, P<0.001). The score of the necessity about providing instruction service of diet and physical activity for high risk population was (3.0±0.9) and (3.7±0.5), respectively(t=22.41 and 22.87, P< 0.001). Before and after the intervention, the proportion of rural adults seeking counseling service about NCD was 44.0% (396/900) and 64.9% (584/900), respectively(χ(2)=79.17, P<0.001). The proportion of rural adults testing blood pressure in the recent six months was 43.4% (391/900) and 63.1% (568/900), respectively(χ(2)=69.92, P<0.001). The proportion of rural adults who tested blood glucose in the recent six months was 28.6%(257/900) and 48.1% (433/900), respectively(χ(2)=72.80,P<0.001). The proportion of rural adults who controlled body weight consciously was 34.7%(312/900) and 29.3% (264/900), respectively(χ(2)= 5.88,P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Health educators' intervention could raise rural participants' awareness and confidence about NCD significantly, but this intervention mode might have little impact on healthy behaviors change in a short time.</p>

Cross-section survey on smoking behavior and cognition in Chongqing, 2014 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence of smoking, smoking cessation, passive smoking and awareness of the dangers of tobacco in population in Chongqing and provide evidence for developing prevention and control measures.Methods A total of 5 400 residents aged ≥ 18 years were selected from 9 districts/counties in Chongqing through stratified multi-stage cluster sampling and face-to-face interviews were conducted among them.Indicators as current smoking rates, smoking cessation rates and passive smoking rates were calculated by the weight of age proportions from 2010 population census.The analytical method was based on complex sampling design.Results The current smoking rate of the residents aged ≥ 18 years was 27.4％ (male: 53.5％ and female: 1.1％), which was highest in age group 40-50 years (58.4％) for males.The current smoking rate among rural residents was higher than that in urban residents.The prevalence of daily cigarette smoking was 27.5％, which was significantly higher in southeastern Chongqing.The rate of passive smoking was 52.4％.Among daily smokers, the mean number of cigarettes smoked was 17.5 per day (men: 17.6 per day;women: 13.5 per day).The daily smoked cigarette number in males was higher in age group 40-50 years (20.1 per day) and those with junior middle school education level (18.9 per day).The proportion of the current smokers who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day (the rate of heavy smoker) was higher in males than in females and in rural residents than in urban residents.The proportion of heavy smokers was 59.3％, which was highest in age group 40-50 years (66.8％),followed by those with junior middle school educational level (65.2％).The average age of smokers when they stared to smoke was 20.8 years old, which was low in males and rural residents.About 80.2％ of the smokers stared to smoke under 25 years old, and 70.3％ of the smokers stared to smoke between 15 and 25 years old.The overall rate of smoking cessation was 20.1％ and the successful smoking cessation rate was 13.7％.The two rates increased with age, the successful smoking cessation rate was lowest in age group 18-40 years (4.8％).The awareness of the tobacco risk related knowledge seemed poor among the residents, only 19.6％ of the residents were aware that smoking could cause serious diseases (stoke, heart disease and lung cancer).21.9％ of the residents were aware that passive smoking could cause serious diseases (heart disease, lung disease and lung cancer).Conclusion Current prevalence of smoking in males in Chongqing remains at a high level,indicating that the publicity programs on the tobacco risk related knowledge needs to be strengthened and the tobacco control needs more efforts.The tobacco control in Chongqing is still facing serious challenge.

Death trend analysis of cerebral apoplexy and myocardial infarction in Chongqing during 2006-2010 / 重庆医学

Objective To analyze the change trends of death situation caused by cerebral apoplexy and myocardial infarction in Chongqing from 2006 to 2010 .Methods All death cases of cerebral apoplexy and myocardial infarction from the five years of 2006 to 2010 were extracted from the direct network report system covering the whole crowd death causes in Chongqing and performed the statistical analysis .Results The constituent ratio of cerebral apoplexy death was increased from 13 .94% to 16 .71% in these five years ,while which of myocardial infarction death in all death causes was stabilized around 4% .The sex ratio of male to female for cerebral apoplexy was descended from 1 .76∶1 .00 to 1 .43∶1 .00 in these five years ,while which for myocardial infarction was dropped from 1 .44∶1 .00 to 1 .30∶1 .00 ;which of cerebral apoplexy and myocardial infarction below 75 years old tended to de-cline ,while which above 75 years old tended to rise .Conclusion The cerebral apoplexy harm to Chongqing people′s life is increas-ing ,while the harm caused by myocardial infarction changes little ;the constituent ratio of female death caused by cerebral apoplexy and myocardial infarction is rising ;the cerebral apoplexy and myocardial infarction damage to old people above 75 years old is grea-ter ,and this damage still continues to grow .